Where Science Meets Religion : September 2016

Qur'an 2:149 — Earth is level
Qur'an 2:258 — Sun moves, the Earth is still
Qur'an 7:54 — Sun is not a star
Qur'an 16:15 — Mountains prevent earthquakes
Qur'an 16:45 — Earthquakes are for non-Muslims only
Qur'an 17:68 — Hurricanes and blizzards are punishment for non-Muslims only
Qur'an 18:86 — Sun sets in murky water
Qur'an 21:32 — The sky is concrete and impenetrable
Qur'an 25:45 — Female participation (ovum) completely omitted
Qur'an 29:37 — Earthquakes are for non-Muslims only
Qur'an 31:34 — Only Allah knows the gender of an unborn infant
Qur'an 35:41 — The Earth does not move
Qur'an 36:40 — Allah is ignorant of the north and south poles
Qur'an 37:10 — Shooting stars are missiles for devils
Qur'an 40:64 — The Earth does not move
Qur'an 41:12 — Earth has 7 atmospheres
Qur'an 43:11 — Allah didn’t know about the water cycle
Qur'an 45:13 — Everything in universe orbits Earth
Qur'an 54:1 — Moon was split in two
Qur'an 71:15-16 — Moon is farther away than the stars
Qur'an 71:16 — Moon emits light
Qur'an 76:13 — Cold air at night is caused by the Moon
Qur'an 81:2 — Stars are small enough to fall on us
Qur'an 88:20 — Earth is flat
Qur'an 91:1-2 — Moon and Sun orbit the Earth

everybody knows its TECTONIC PLATES. not tectonic bowls. JOIN US for the FLAT EARTH study on NEW YEAR FOR THE SUN day.

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Major plates[edit]These plates comprise the bulk of the continents and the Pacific Ocean. For purposes of this list, a major plate is any plate with an area greater than 20 million km2.
African Plate – A major tectonic plate underlying Africa west of the East African Rift – 61,300,000 km2
Antarctic Plate – Tectonic plate containing Antarctica and the surrounding ocean floor – 60,900,000 km2
Eurasian Plate – Tectonic plate which includes most of the continent of Eurasia – 67,800,000 km2
Indo-Australian Plate – A major tectonic plate formed by the fusion of the Indian and Australian plates – 58,900,000 km2 often considered two plates:Australian Plate – Major tectonic plate, originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwana – 47,000,000 km2
Indian Plate – A minor tectonic plate that got separated from Gondwana – 11,900,000 km2
North American Plate – Large tectonic plate including most of North America, Greenland and part of Siberia – 75,900,000 km2
Pacific Plate – Oceanic tectonic plate under the Pacific Ocean – 103,300,000 km2
South American Plate – Major tectonic plate which includes most of South America and a large part of the south Atlantic – 43,600,000 km2
Minor plates[edit]These smaller plates are often not shown on major plate maps, as the majority do not comprise significant land area. For purposes of this list, a minor plate is any plate with an area less than 20 million km2 but greater than 1 million km2.
Somali Plate – Minor tectonic plate including the east coast of Africa and the adjoining seabed – 16,700,000 km2
Nazca Plate – Oceanic tectonic plate in the eas.tern Pacific Ocean basin – 15,600,000 km2[note 1]
Indian Plate – A minor tectonic plate that got separated from Gondwana – 11,900,000 km2
Amurian Plate – A minor tectonic plate in eas.tern Asia
Sunda Plate – A minor tectonic plate including most of Southeast Asia
Philippine Sea Plate – oceanic tectonic plate to the east of the Philippines – 5,500,000 km2
Okhotsk Plate – Minor tectonic plate in Asia
Arabian Plate – Minor tectonic plate – 5,000,000 km2
Yangtze Plate – Small tectonic plate carrying the bulk of southern China
Caribbean Plate – A mostly oceanic tectonic plate including part of Central America and the Caribbean Sea – 3,300,000 km2
Cocos Plate – young oceanic tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America – 2,900,000 km2
Caroline Plate – Minor oceanic tectonic plate north of New Guinea – 1,700,000 km2
Scotia Plate – Minor oceanic tectonic plate between the South American and Antarctic Plates – 1,600,000 km2
Burma Plate – Minor tectonic plate in Southeast Asia – 1,100,000 km2
New Hebrides Plate – Minor tectonic plate in the Pacific Ocean near Vanuatu – 1,100,000 km2
Microplates[edit]These plates are often grouped with an adjacent major plate on a major plate map. For purposes of this list, a microplate is any plate with an area less than 1 million km2. Some models identify more minor plates within current orogens (events that lead to a large structural deformation of Earth's lithosphere) like the Apulian, Explorer, Gorda, and Philippine Mobile Belt plates. There may be scientific consensus as to whether such plates should be considered distinct portions of the crust; thus, new research could change this list.[2][3][4][5]
African PlateAdriatic Plate, also known as Apulian Plate – A small tectonic plate in the Mediterranean
Lwandle Plate – Mainly oceanic tectonic microplate off the southeast coast of Africa
Madagascar Plate – Tectonic plate formerly part of the supercontinent Gondwana
Rovuma Plate – One of three tectonic microplates that contribute to the Nubian Plate and the Somali Plate
Victoria Microplate
Seychelles microcontinent
Antarctic PlateKerguelen Plateau – Oceanic plateau in the southern Indian Ocean
Shetland Plate – Tectonic microplate off the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula
South Sandwich Plate – Minor tectonic plate south of the South American Plate
Australian PlateCapricorn Plate – Proposed minor tectonic plate under the Indian Ocean
Futuna Plate – Very small tectonic plate near the south Pacific island of Futuna
Kermadec Plate – Long, narrow tectonic plate west of the Kermadec Trench
Maoke Plate – Small tectonic plate in western New Guinea
Niuafo'ou Plate – Small tectonic plate west of Tonga
Tonga Plate – A small southwest Pacific tectonic plate
Woodlark Plate – Small tectonic plate located in the ea,,ste.rn half of the island of New Guinea
Caribbean PlatePanama Plate – Small tectonic plate in Central America
Gonâve Microplate – Part of the boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate
South Jamaica Microplate
North Hispaniola Microplate
Puerto Rico-Virgin Islands Microplate
Cocos PlateRivera Plate – Small tectonic plate off the west coast of Mexico
Eurasian PlateAegean Sea Plate, also known as Hellenic Plate – A small tectonic plate in the ea.stern Mediterranean Sea
Anatolian Plate – Continental tectonic plate comprising most of the Anatolia (Asia Minor) peninsula
Banda Sea Plate – Minor tectonic plate underlying the Banda Sea in southeast Asia
Iberian Plate – Small tectonic plate now part of the Eurasian plate
Iranian Plate – Small tectonic plate including Iran and Afghanistan, and parts of Iraq and Pakistan
Molucca Sea Plate – small fully subducted tectonic plate near IndonesiaHalmahera Plate – small tectonic plate in the Molucca Sea
Sangihe Plate – Microplate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone of ea.stern Indonesia
Okinawa Plate – Minor tectonic plate from the northern end of Taiwan to the southern tip of Kyūshū
Pelso Plate – Small tectonic unit in the Pannonian Basin in Europe
Timor Plate – Microplate in southeast Asia carrying the island of Timor and surrounding islands
Tisza Plate – Tectonic microplate, in present-day Europe
Nazca PlateCoiba Plate – A small tectonic plate off the coast south of Panama and northwestern Colombia
Malpelo Plate – A small tectonic plate off the coast west of Ecuador and Colombia
North American PlateQueen Elizabeth Islands Subplate – Small tectonic plate containing the Queen Elizabeth Islands of Northern Canada
Greenland Plate – Supposed tectonic plate containing the Greenland craton
Explorer Plate – oceanic tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada
Gorda Plate – One of the northern remnants of the Farallon Plate
Pacific PlateBalmoral Reef Plate – Small tectonic plate in the south Pacific north of Fiji
Bird's Head Plate – Small tectonic plate incorporating the Bird's Head Peninsula, at the western end of the island of New Guinea
Conway Reef Plate – Small tectonic plate in the south Pacific west of Fiji
Eas..te.r Microplate – Very small tectonic plate to the west of Eas.ter Island
Galápagos Microplate – Very small tectonic plate at the Galapagos Triple Junction
Juan de Fuca Plate – A small tectonic plate in the e.astern North Pacific – 250,000 km2
Juan Fernández Plate – Very small tectonic plate in the southern Pacific Ocean
Kula Plate – Oceanic tectonic plate under the northern Pacific Ocean which has been subducted under the North American Plate
Manus Plate – Tiny tectonic plate northeast of New Guinea
North Bismarck Plate – Small tectonic plate in the Bismarck Sea north of New Guinea
North Galápagos Microplate – Small tectonic plate off the west coast of South America north of the Galapagos Islands
Solomon Sea Plate – Minor tectonic plate to the northwest of the Solomon Islands in the south Pacific Ocean
South Bismarck Plate – Small tectonic plate in the southern Bismarck Sea
Philippine Sea PlateMariana Plate – Small tectonic plate west of the Mariana Trench
Philippine Mobile Belt, also known as Philippine Microplate – Complex portion of the tectonic boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate, comprising most of the country of the Philippines
South American PlateAltiplano Plate
Falklands Microplate
North Andes Plate – Small tectonic plate in the northern Andes (mainly in Colombia, minor parts in Ecuador and Venezuela)Chibcha Terrane (Andean Region)
Caribbean Terrane (Eas.tern Caribbean Region)
Tahamí Terrane (Central Andean Region)
Ancient continental formations[edit]In the history of Earth many tectonic plates have come into existence and have over the intervening years either accreted onto other plates to form larger plates, rifted into smaller plates, or have been crushed by or subducted under other plates.
Ancient supercontinents[edit]Supercontinent – Landmass comprising more than one continental core, or craton
Supercontinent cycle – Quasi-periodic aggregation and dispersal of Earth's continental crust
The following list includes the supercontinents known or speculated to have existed in the Earth's past:
Columbia – Ancient supercontinent of approximately 2,500 to 1,500 million years ago
Euramerica
Gondwana – Neoproterozoic to Cretaceous landmass
Kenorland – Hypothetical Neoarchaean supercontinent from about 2.8 billion years ago
Laurasia – Northern supercontinent that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent
Nena – Early Proterozoic supercontinent
Pangaea – Supercontinent from the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic eras
Pannotia – Hypothesized Neoproterozoic supercontinent from the end of the Precambrian
Proto-Laurasia
Rodinia – Hypothetical neoproterozoic supercontinent from between about a billion to about three quarters of a billion years ago
Ur – Proposed archaean supercontinent from about 3.1 billion years ago
Vaalbara – Archaean supercontinent from about 3.6 to 2.7 billion years ago
Ancient plates and cratons[edit]Not all plate boundaries are easily defined, especially for ancient pieces of crust. The following list of ancient cratons, microplates, plates, shields, terranes, and zones no longer exist as separate plates. Cratons are the oldest and most stable parts of the continental lithosphere and shields are the exposed area of a craton(s). Microplates are tiny tectonic plates, terranes are fragments of crustal material formed on one tectonic plate and accreted to crust lying on another plate, and zones are bands of similar rocks on a plate formed by terrane accretion or native rock formation. Terranes may or may not have originated as independent microplates: a terrane may not contain the full thickness of the lithosphere.
African Plate[edit]Atlantica – Ancient continent formed during the Proterozoic about 2 billion years ago
Bangweulu Block – Part of the Congo craton of central Africa (Zambia)
Congo Craton – Precambrian craton that with four others makes up the modern continent of Africa (Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Sudan, and Zambia)
Kaapvaal Craton – Archaean craton, possibly part of the Vaalbara supercontinent (South Africa)
Kalahari Craton – old and stable part of the continental lithosphere, that occupies large portions of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe (South Africa)
Saharan Metacraton – Large area of continental crust in the north-central part of Africa (Algeria)
Sebakwe proto-Craton (Zimbabwe)
Tanzania Craton – Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere in central Tanzania (Tanzania)
West African Craton – One of the five cratons of the Precambrian basement rock of Africa that make up the African Plate (Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo)
Zaire Craton (Congo)
Zimbabwe Craton – Area in Southern Africa of ancient continental crust (Zimbabwe)
Antarctic Plate[edit]Bellingshausen Plate – Ancient tectonic plate that fused onto the Antarctic Plate
Charcot Plate – Fragment of the Phoenix tectonic plate fused to the Antarctic Peninsula
East Antarctic Shield, also known as East Antarctic Craton – Cratonic rock body which makes up most of the continent Antarctica
Phoenix Plate – Tectonic plate that existed during the mid-Jurassc through late-Cenozoic time
Eurasian Plate[edit]Armorica – Microcontinent or group of continental fragments rifted away from Gondwana (France, Germany, Spain and Portugal)
Avalonia – Microcontinent in the Paleozoic era named for the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland (Canada, Great Britain, and United States)
Baltic Plate – Ancient tectonic plate from the Cambrian to the Carboniferous Period
Belomorian Craton
Central Iberian Plate
Cimmerian Plate – Ancient string of microcontinents that rifted from Gondwana (Anatolia, Iran, Afghanistan, Tibet, Indochina and Malaya)
East China Craton[citation needed]
East European Craton – Geology of Europe
Baltic Shield, also known as Fennoscandian Shield – Ancient segment of Earth's crust
Junggar Plate – Geographical region in Northwest China corresponding to the northern half of Xinjiang and Eas..te.rn Kazakhstan
Hunic plate
Karelian Craton – Region comprising the Scandinavian Peninsula, Finland, Karelia, and the Kola Peninsula
Kazakhstania – Geological region in Central Asia and the Junngar Basin in China
Kola Craton
Lhasa terrane – Fragment of crustal material, sutured to the Eurasian Plate during the Cretaceous that forms present-day southern Tibet
Massif Central – A highland region in the middle of Southern France
Moldanubian Plate – A tectonic zone in Europe formed during the Variscan or Hercynian Orogeny
Moravo Silesian Plate
Midlands Microcraton – Block of late Neoproterozoic crust which underlies the English Midlands
North Atlantic Craton – Archaean craton exposed in southern West Greenland, the Nain Province in Labrador, and the Lewisian complex in northwestern Scotland
North China Craton – continental crustal block in northeast China, Inner Mongolia, the Yellow Sea, and North Korea
Ossa-Morena Plate
Piemont-Liguria Plate – Former piece of oceanic crust that is seen as part of the Tethys Ocean
Proto-Alps Terrane
Rhenohercynian Plate – Fold belt of west and central Europe, formed during the Hercynian orogeny
Sarmatian Craton – The southern part of the East European Craton or Baltica, also known as Scythian Plateau
Saxothuringian Plate – Structural or tectonic zone in the Hercynian or Variscan orogen of central and western Europe
Siberian Craton – Ancient craton forming the Central Siberian Plateau
South Portuguese Plate
Tarim Craton
Teplá-Barrandian Terrane
Ukrainian Shield – The southwest shield of the East European craton
Valais Plate – Subducted ocean basin. Remnants found in the Alps in the North Penninic nappes.
Volgo-Uralian Craton
Yakutai Craton
Yangtze Craton
Indo-Australian Plate[edit]
Basic geological regions of Australia, by age
Map of chronostratigraphic divisions of India
Altjawarra Craton (Australia)
Bhandara Craton, (India)
Bundelkhand Craton, (India)
Dharwar Craton – Part of the Indian Shield in south India
Central Craton (Australia)
Curnamona Craton (Australia)
Gawler Craton – Province of the larger West Australian Shield in central South Australia
Indian Craton
Narooma Terrane – Geological structural region on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia
Pilbara Craton – Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere located in Pilbara, Western Australia
Singhbhum Craton (India)
Yilgarn Craton – Large craton that constitutes the bulk of the Western Australian land mass
Australian Shield, also known as Western Australian Shield – Large part of the continent of Australia
Zealandia – Mostly submerged mass of continental crust containing New Zealand and New Caledonia. See Moa Plate and Lord Howe Rise
North American Plate[edit]
North American cratons and basement rocks
Avalonia – Microcontinent in the Paleozoic era named for the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland (Canada, Great Britain, and United States)
Carolina Plate – exotic terrane from central Georgia to central Virginia in the United States
Churchill Craton – Northwest section of the Canadian Shield from southern Saskatchewan and Alberta to northern Nunavut (Canada)
Farallon Plate – An ancient oceanic plate that has mostly subducted under the west coast of the North American Plate (split into the Cocos, Explorer, Juan de Fuca, Gorda Plates, Nazca Plate, and Rivera Plates)
Florida Plate – Overview of the geology of the U.S. state of Florida (United States)
Hearne Craton – Craton in northern Canada which, together with the Rae Craton, forms the Western Churchill Province (Canada)
Laurentian Craton, also known as North American Craton – A large continental craton that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent (Canada and United States)
Insular Plate – Ancient oceanic plate
Intermontane Plate – Ancient oceanic tectonic plate on the west coast of North America about 195 million years ago
Izanagi Plate – Ancient tectonic plate, which was subducted beneath the Okhotsk Plate
Mexican Plate
Nain Province – Part of the North Atlantic Craton in Labrador, Canada (Canada)
Newfoundland Plate
North Atlantic Craton – Archaean craton exposed in southern West Greenland, the Nain Province in Labrador, and the Lewisian complex in northwestern Scotland
Nova Scotia Plate
Rae Craton – Archean craton in northern Canada north of the Superior Craton (Canada)
Sask Craton (Canada)
Sclavia Craton – Late Archean supercraton thought to be parental to the Slave and Wyoming Cratons in North America, the Dharwar Craton in southern India, and the Zimbabwe Craton in southern Africa (Canada)
Slave Craton – Archaean craton in the north-western Canadian Shield, in Northwest Territories and Nunavut (Canada)
Superior Craton – Large crustal block in North America (Canada)
Wyoming Craton – Craton in the west-central United States and western Canada (United States)
South American Plate[edit]Amazonian Craton – Geologic province in South America (Brazil)
Guiana Shield – Precambrian geological formation in northeast South America, and one of three cratons of the South American Plate (Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela)
Río de la Plata Craton – Medium-sized continental block in Uruguay, ea.stern Argentina and southern Brazil (Argentina and Uruguay)
São Francisco Craton – An ancient craton in the ea.stern part of South America with outcrops in Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil (Brazil)
Arequipa–Antofalla Craton – South American geology (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru)
See also
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Major_plates